Identification of individual examples of such immunomodulatory commensals and understanding their mechanisms of interaction with the host will be invaluable in designing therapeutic strategies to reverse intestinal dysbiosis and recover immunological homeostasis.
Interestingly, in contrast to the E. coli and H. pylori results and our identification of several examples of antisense transcripts generated by read-through into convergent genes, the A. phagocytophilum whole genome study identified only one gene, p44, associated with this phenomenon [23].
Its value in practice is confirmed by the identification of isolated examples of horizontal gene transfer events that have already been described in the literature.
Though it is difficult to quantitatively assess the extent of such 'paralogous regulation', the identification of these examples demonstrates that vertebrate genome duplications can generate distinct duplicated pathways of interacting genes.
The identification of new examples of SANT and SLIDE domains provides an opportunity to refine the sequence definitions of these domains and search for their presence in other proteins.
Identification of convincing examples of evolutionarily-fixed, novel regulatory patterns requires evidence of: 1) a known transposable element (TE) sequence in the region of the gene; 2) the TE sequence affecting regulation of the nearby gene; 3) the gene having some function and 4) the TE having been present long enough to be fixed [ 10, 34].
XRD is capable of identifying any crystalline substance present on Titan's surface at relative abundances greater than ∼1 wt%, allowing unambiguous identification of, for example, structure I and II clathrates (even in the presence of ice), and various organic solids, which may include C2H2, C2H4, C4H2, HCN, CH3CN, HC3N, and C4N2).
The results of ITS-based molecular identification of our example query sequences are included in Table 1.
It is possible that further detail, including identification of, for example, periods of swimming, could have led to an even better understanding of factors influencing HRV.
Alternatively, the inverse dosage effect is a common modulation of gene expression (Sabl and Birchler 1993; Guo and Birchler 1994) found in aneuploids in diverse organisms, so the identification of an example single gene with this response will provide a system in which to learn more about this effect.
