More specifically, the survey consisted of: 3 identification items, 15 statements in which the student had to indicate his/her degree of agreement, and 2 open-answer questions.
Racial identification items referred to a psychological attachment to one of several social categories available to individuals, when the category selected is based on "race" or skin color, common history, nationality, culture, and ancestry [ 34].
Development considers domain identification, item generation, and instrument formation [ 16].
These steps included: development of a conceptual model, literature review, content identification, item construction, pre-testing, item selection, and item re-classification.
The participant could also indicate that the question of the item was not applicable to him/her (except for the self identification item).
Here we describe Phase I of our research program, the iterative process of content identification, item development and refinement, and response format selection.
3) Since we focused on the methods used for the development and validation process of self-efficacy instruments, a minimum of the development process had to be described such as item identification, item selection or construction of domains.
*Overall self-compassion scores (in both the long and short forms) were calculated after reverse coding the self-judgment, isolation and over-identification items, followed by the summation of the six subscale means.
Sexual orientation was assessed using a standard self-identification item: "Do you identify yourself as: (1) Straight/Heterosexual, (2) Bisexual, or (3) Gay/Homosexual".
Because of problems of under-identification, item intercepts and factor means cannot both be estimated in the same model [ 76] nor can the factor means of both groups be estimated simultaneously [ 28].
The self-efficacy instruments were evaluated in terms of their development (aim of instrument, a priori considerations, identification of items, selection of items, development of domains, answer options) and validation (test-retest reliability, internal consistency reliability, validity, responsiveness) process.
