These types are (1) ideational GM, an incongruent representation of experiential meaning; (2) logical GM, a way of organizing ideas at the level of discourse in an incongruent manner; and (3) interpersonal GM, which presents authorship in the text both implicitly and explicitly.
The findings from the study suggest that GM is a prestigious feature of academic literacy in Spanish and proficient Spanish users employ ideational, logical and interpersonal GM in an effective way.
This might explain the higher frequency of ideational grammatical metaphors in US student texts as compared to the Mexican exams of the same genre.
Secondly, I wanted to measure student progress in their academic development in two different points in time as attested to by the frequency of ideational grammatical metaphors in US student texts in Spanish.
Two basic measures were computed from the AU task: ideational fluency, defined as the total number of ideas generated, and ideational flexibility, defined as the tendency to generate a heterogeneous pool of responses or to use a variety of categories and themes when producing ideas [ 34].
We found that, similar to the effects of a session of QMT [ 10], 4 weeks of daily QMT significantly increased ideational flexibility in healthy adults.
Table 1 Prototypical frequencies of ideational grammatical metaphors Genre Mexico US Question-and-answer 1.16 % (Ignatieva 2008) 3.06%% (Velázquez-Mendoza 2014) Essay 20.5 % (Rodríguez 2014) Results not available.
Although the percentage increase in the employment of ideational grammatical metaphors in the US student group took place at a slower rate than in its Mexican counterpart, both Rodríguez's (2014) and my data show that, diachronically, in both populations the bilingual and the monolingual there was a positive trend in the use of incongruent expressiveness.
Sensorimotor subscores were more strongly related to activation in the ACC (P = 0.04) than ideational subscores (P = 0.17).
Questions were tailored to measure ideational factors (partner communication, beliefs and attitudes, correct knowledge, perceptions of peer support, self-efficacy, and perceptions of religious approval), which, taken together, are used as an index predictive of contraceptive use; changing these factors contributes to increased contraceptive use.
The SFL tradition presents meaning as three metafunctions: ideational, interpersonal and textual (Halliday 1994; Halliday and Matthiessen 2004).
