For example, the clinical data from first admission were screened for symptoms like hallucinations, delusions, ideas of reference or social withdrawal to examine if the described symptoms referred to the ICD-9 or ICD-10-criteria.
Roy Futterman, a clinical psychologist who commutes from the Upper West Side to the Bronx, was reminded of a psychotic symptom called ideas of reference, in which, for example, the sufferer watches an episode of "Happy Days," and believes that the Fonz is delivering a message directly to him.
Richard C. Hubbard, a psychiatrist who admired Reich, examined him on admission, recording paranoia manifested by delusions of grandiosity, persecution, and ideas of reference: On 19 March Reich was transferred to the Lewisburg Federal Penitentiary and examined again.
Furthermore, high levels of schizotypal traits and schizophrenia symptoms have been observed in men with Klinefelter syndrome and include ideas of reference, unusual perceptual experiences, magical thinking, odd speech, disorganized thinking, suspiciousness and excessive social anxiety [27] [30].
The CDS item 2, guilty ideas of reference, was only ever endorsed by two participants and was therefore not analysed.
In the YMRS, most psychotic phenomena are included in the item 'thought content' which describes grandiose and paranoid ideas, ideas of reference, delusions and hallucinations.
We limited ourselves to extreme states on the dimensions of paranoia, disorganisation and ideas-of reference (6 groups).
Two concerned the patients with marked ideas-of-reference (IoR).
Low ratios are evident in thought-disordered patients but high ratios in those with prominent ideas-of-reference [ 11].
Low dopaminergic activity predicted poor attentional set control in those with ideas-of-reference, but poor recall in nonparanoid patients.
High dopamine turnover related to speeded trail-making (frontal modulation of set switching) in those with many ideas-of-reference.
