The sprinter does not tackle any old 100m, but, rather, the idea of 100m: encompassing a standardised and tightly prescribed strip of territory.
To eyes for whom the circus as a subject of serious art was self-evident, but for whom the idea of kinetic, encompassing performance attached to any artistic enterprise was new, Calder's natural preoccupations seemed thrilling, even radical.
In the late twentieth century epidemiologist Calvin Schwabe first proposed the idea of "One Medicine" encompassing both human and animal health.
While wages and working conditions vary internationally, nobody's idea of "decent" encompasses "chronic colds, fever, stomach disorders, chest pains and tuberculosis," even in developing nations, even where people badly need jobs.
Hernadi (2001) explains that a Darwinian idea of "literature" encompasses a range of transactions that "challenge and thus enhance our brains' vital capacities for expression, communication, representation and signification" (56).
Shapira expands on this idea to encompass some of the newest discoveries about amazing symbiotic relationships between organisms that, because they depend on one another, are tied together for life.
Akerlof and Shiller extrapolate from this an idea of animal spirits encompassing "noneconomic motives and irrational behaviors," a slightly broader idea than Keynes's usage, but one that allows them to study a range of negative impulses as well as the basic urge to optimism about which Keynes was talking.
The rise of automated vehicles throughout the world has also given rise to the idea of smart highways, encompassing all sorts of technologies such as sensors, solar panels and software to create a safer and more efficient driving environment.
However, a modern interpretation of his ideas encompassing the concepts of dynamic thinking and dynamic systems76 fits well with the original concept of the epigenetic landscape77,78,79.
The idea of biodiversity also encompasses the range of ecological communities that species form.
