Japan's conduct, rather than the programme itself, lead the court to infer that their primary motivation was not scientific and therefore the country was in breach of the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling (ICRW).
The ICRW allows contracting nations to develop their own research programmes.
Tomka says Japan has not acted in conformity with the ICRW in each of the seasons that Japan has issued permits for whaling.
Solar Sisters are building financial independence, self-confidence, and increased respect from their community, finds an ICRW study.
In collaboration with partner organisations, ICRW led the development of the evaluation used in the project and a customised monitoring and information system.
The ICRW believes that household economic security has improved because of the money saved by no longer using expensive fuel such as kerosene.
As an applied research institute focused on women and girls, the International Center for Research on Women (ICRW), where I work, develops and promotes a more intuitive approach to gender in programme monitoring and evaluation.
Last month, an assessment of the organisation's impact by the International Centre for Research on Women (ICRW) concluded that the Solar Sister model improved women's lives, increased their incomes and made communities safer.
The ICRW research found, among other things, that income from clean-energy businesses allowed women to become financially independent and contribute to household earnings.
A study – Masculinity, Intimate Partner Violence and Son Preference in India – by the International Center for Research on Women (ICRW), a US-based research institute, and the UN population fund, UNFPA, said 52% of women surveyed had experienced violence during their lifetime, and 60% of the male respondents said they had acted violently against their wife or partner.
