Recent studies in East Antarctica have shown that sea ice variation is a key driver of Adélie penguin population dynamics and key demographic parameters over yearly and decadal time scales [ 13, 18, 20, 57, 58], and sea ice declines are predicted to result in decreasing numbers of Adélie penguins in the most northerly latitudes of their breeding range over the coming decades [ 59].
Nevertheless, these local observations of sea level do not scale directly with ice volume variations.
Pollard, D., DeConto, R. M. & Nyblade, A. A. Sensitivity of Cenozoic Antarctic ice sheet variations to geothermal heat flux.
All these glacial and periglacial features are related to the West Antarctica ice sheet variations.
"Earth Rotation Changes Since ?500 CE Driven by Ice Mass Variations". Earth and Planetary Science Letters 448 (August): 115 121.
Hints that warming is being caused by emissions from industry and other human activities have been extracted from air bubbles trapped in ancient ice, from variations in tree rings, from the quick retreat of alpine glaciers.
Early ice cream variations included snow mixed with syrup, and a delicious-sounding concoction of frozen milk and mushy rice.
Climate models show that ice-sheet melt will dominate sea-level rise over the coming centuries, but our understanding of ice-sheet variations before the last interglacial 125,000 years ago remains fragmentary.
The yearly sea ice extent variation can bely the long-term trend.
Pollard, D. & DeConto, R. M. Hysteresis in Cenozoic Antarctic ice-sheet variations.
