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He could tell how the temperature had changed ice layer by ice layer, which is to say year by year.
On the Phoenix, a robotic arm with a scoop will dig into the ice layer.
Above the ice layer is likely a subsurface ocean possibly 100 km (60 miles) deep.
In the spring, sunlight warms the ground, vaporizing carbon dioxide at the base of the ice layer.
As subsurface water subsequently froze, it expanded, fracturing the outer ice layer and flowing through and filling the cracks.
The primary mission of the Phoenix is to dig into an ice layer believed to exist a few inches below the surface.
Here's her blog post on witnessing the first surface melt event since 1889 (with a photo of the resulting ice layer).
Thinning of the ice layer is caused by heat transfer and by melting at the top or bottom surface (or both).
Chilled water holds more dissolved oxygen than warm water, and air is available also between the water's surface and the ice layer during winter months in temperate regions.
Instead, it suggests that frozen CO2 in surface frost and Mars's icecaps would warm up and become a translucent ice layer during the planet's spring.
In light of the Odyssey findings, the Phoenix mission was designed to land in the northern arctic plains and dig trenches in the soil into the ice layer, believed to be a few inches under the surface.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com