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Europa has a shifting ice crust that sits on a global ocean of water.
But we kept climbing, skinning up a rounded spine with a windblown ice crust.
In the late 1990s NASA's Galileo Orbiter provided stunning evidence that Jupiter's enigmatic satellite Europa is in fact a giant pearlescent drop of sea-water with a comparatively thin ice crust and a deep rocky core.
In this chilly landscape, stark images sparkle with the cold brilliance of an ice crust: a trailer park decked out for Christmas, a dead body plucked from a frozen river, a holiday drag show at the Amvets.
Although Europa wasn't the only target of Galileo's camera during its years in space, its pictures of this weirdly fissured sphere — many of which show icebergs that apparently rafted into new positions before being refrozen into the moon's ice crust — produced euphoria among planetary scientists in the late nineties.
The second study, from researchers in the US and Japan, also suggests that Pluto tipped over, revealing that the pattern of cracks in Pluto's ice crust fits with its reorientation, together with a slow freezing of an ocean beneath its surface.
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As cars wobbled through rutted local roads with ice crusts in various stages of decay on Monday morning, Elio Zapparrata, fire chief in the town of Manorville, begged the county to send more sanding trucks.
"I want to drill down through the ice crusts of Europa and Ganymede and get to the liquid below the surface and find out what's going on there," said Zarnecki.
"Something is pulling apart their ice crusts".
SnoBot traveled easily over ice crusts that were much too weak to support foot travel.
Previous research has suggested that Callisto, Europa and Ganymede have large bodies of liquid water beneath their ice crusts.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com