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The algorithm of MF-DFA was initiated with the calculation of average for each IMF I (i) of C/N 0 time series data, and the integrated signal y (i) was obtained by removing the average from the IMF; it is calculated by the following equation: y(i)={displaystyle sum_{l=1}^i}left[I(l -frac{1}{M}{displ -frac{1}{M}{displaystyleight] (1).

Step 4: Local decision D 2 i (i = 1, 2, …, K) is obtained through the second stage fine energy detection as D 2 i = 1 T 2 i ≥ λ 2, when D 1 i was not obtained 0 T 2 i < λ 2, when D 1 i was not obtained D 1 i, when D 1 i was obtained, (11) where T 2 i is the second stage local sensing result of S U i using energy detection, D 1 i is the local decision of the S U i in the first stage.

By subtracting the background, IR+, i was obtained, and IR-, i was obtained following a similar procedure by connecting OD− and disconnecting OD+.

The aforementioned assumption on ε i was obtained from the following heuristic argument.

H and H NMR spectral studies on the purified products showed no deuterium incorporation in 3 j, whereas deuterium incorporation in 3 i was obtained in similar ratios to Scheme 7.

The second vector r ∈ { 0, 1 } n indicates the true provenance r i ∈ { 0, 1 } of each read i (i.e. whether i was obtained from the 'maternal' or the 'paternal' copy; because we do not have information to determine which copy comes from which parent, we refer to them as 0, 1).

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Such values for λ i are obtained from (3.33).

Then, covariance matrix R i is obtained by arranging R i (m) like (7).

Proof The analytic form of the MGLP L i ( x ) of degree i is obtained by (7).

If the true Γ and a i are obtained, J p should be zero.

The fitness score f i is obtained according to the objective function and the environment.

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