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In order to differentiate between the two intracellular pools of SopB; (i) translocated and (ii) intrabacterial, we used a recently described methodology based upon a 13-amino-acid tag derived from glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK) (Garcia et al., 2006).
The autoradiography results suggest that the Cd at node I translocated preferentially to the developing panicle and not to the developed flag leaf, but the method by which node I determines the destination of Cd is unknown.
But for translocations to be truly implicated as the cause of a negative HFC, two things must occur: (i) translocated individuals reproduce with local individuals, and (ii) offspring from translocated and local parent crosses do relatively poorly in their new environment.
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Topo I translocates between the nucleolus and the nucleoplasm, but is enriched in the nucleolus where there is a high level of transcription and replication of the ribosomal DNA [ 9, 10].
Other factors that may contribute to the loss in virulence of the C. jejuni flpA mutant include its inability to effectively: (i) translocate across the intestinal epithelium; and (ii) combat the host innate and acquired immune responses.
Upon activation, PKCβII is translocated to the membrane and pericentrosomal regions [55], [56] which requires the presence of a well-organized actin cytoskeleton [57].
Cytoplasmic LC3B (LC3B-I) is translocated to autophagosomes during autophagy and converted to LC3B-II by proteolysis and lipidation at its C terminus.
In the GDP bound state Rab GTPases are recognized by Rab-αGDI which translocates them between membranes [18].
A recent proposal by the Ohnishi group [42], [43] incorporates the possibility of such conformational changes, but emphasizes the redox reactions of two ubiquinones within Complex I to translocate two of the four protons per NADH by a direct proton pump mechanism.
Examination of whether change in ssRNA length or dsRNA length had an effect on translocation rate indicated that RIG-I translocates on the dsRNA portion of the molecule.
To confirm that these five TR regions were indeed translocated (i.e. they were not large insertion/deletion in one of the genomes), we used nuclear sequences of these regions from JEC21 as queries and blasted them against the whole H99 genome.
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