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Capacity to pay of the i th household is: CTP = EX P i - S E 45 - 55 i Subsistence expenditure (SE 45-55i ) is the average food expenditure of households in the 45th to 55th percentile, adjusted for the size of the ith household.
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Type I (1565 subsistence farms) and type II farms (1016 multifunctional farms) comprised 94% of the total farms under study.
Is a subsistence production logic or a cultural norm held by smallholders themselves making the shift to full-market production a difficult or unwanted transition?
I carried that subsistence aesthetic into adulthood.
Unlike Ephron, I'm a subsistence cook at best: my specialty is a Turkish spinach-lentil soup from the cookbook "Sundays at Moosewood Restaurant" which I haven't actually prepared in three years.
I myself remember subsistence living in Vermont as a matter of constantly escalating clutter because of all the salvaged bits and pieces that had to be kept in case the truck/furnace/well pump needed repair.
In particular, Romania and Bulgaria contain significant land areas where pastoralism is a most important livelihood system, with degrees of subsistence (i.e. pastoral communities living directly on what they produce).
At the household level, a quantitative measure of financial protection is the proportion of households incurring OOP healthcare expenditure exceeding 40%% of their household's non-subsistence (i.e., non-food) expenditure [ 85] or 10%% of total household expenditure [ 86].
Yes, the numerous subsistence ranchers I know are constant customers for back surgery and joint replacement.
I had learned about subsistence living in Arctic villages, and worked with a 74-year-old maintenance man who lived in his 1980 Chevy Suburban year-round.
I argue that the subsistence shift was precipitated by political pressures and was then followed by political and economic consolidation.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com