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Others may use a "shadow price" – a hypothetical cost applied to CO2 within a company.
The Commission then again repeated its insistence that cost computed under such a formula as Plan 2 'is a hypothetical cost and not an actual cost,' ibid.; that in other mail-pay proceedings consideration had been given to other factors; 23 and, again taking such factors into account, concluded upon the augmented record that the rates then applicable to the carrier were fair and reasonable.
Joerres measures himself and the senior executives by subtracting a hypothetical cost of capital from EBIT.
The SEC watered down the rules so funds still can bury the hypothetical cost per $1,000 invested.
In this paper, rather than looking at a firm's response to a hypothetical cost shock, we concentrate on its actual response during the Great Recession's initial phase in Europe from the start of the crisis (third quarter of 2008) through mid-2009.
As this medication remains experimental, a hypothetical cost of AUD $500 per annum has been applied.
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Second, the hypothetical costs and rewards used may not be relevant or valuable to children.
In contrast to the usual formulation, however, the hypothetical costs of the proposed policies were formulated as a percentage change in taxes.
The benefit of this formulation relative to the usual absolute money amounts is that the credibility of the (hypothetical) costs for respondents does not depend on respondent income.
An important study by Bertola et al. (2012) focuses on firms' reactions to hypothetical cost-push shocks: either an unanticipated increase in the cost of an intermediate input or an unanticipated permanent increase in wages.
The relatively benign winters and stochastic weather patterns within Australia shift the balance in a hypothetical cost-benefit trade off between staying versus relocating from year to year [13], resulting in complex local and continental scale migratory patterns [23].
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