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Instead we need a way to define generalisation independently from the hypothesis type.
(3) What is the risk of wrongly accepting a false null hypothesis (Type II error) at a given risk of wrongly rejecting a true null hypothesis (Type I error)?
Once a hypothesis type has been designed and its contract implemented we can derive two fundamental properties of a given hypothesis.
Introducing the distinction between the error of rejecting a true hypothesis (type I error) and accepting a false hypothesis (type II error), they argued that it depends on the consequences of the error to decide whether it is more important to avoid rejecting a true hypothesis or accepting a false one.
Consistent with this hypothesis, type I TGF-β receptor (TβRI), a direct transcriptional target of TGF-β, [13]- was found increased as a consequence of FKBP51-overexpression (Additional file 1: Figure S1).
There are two types of false conclusions: a false rejection of the null hypothesis (type I error; alpha) or a false acceptance of the null hypothesis (type II error; beta).
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The applicability domain is therefore delegated to the hypothesis types and this way we decouple the overall applicability domain management from the prediction algorithm.
Although there are no predefined rules regarding their scope, all hypothesis types must provide a minimum of functionalities, i.e. fulfil a contract, in order to build our unified knowledge framework.
For the mutagenicity endpoint, only structural hypothesis were used; in future work, other important hypothesis types like physico-chemical or pharmacophoric hypotheses will be added to show how different kinds of knowledge units can be used by the prediction algorithm to build transparent and elegant conclusions.
FDR controls the expected proportion of incorrectly rejected null hypotheses (type I error).
For hypothesis testing, we begin with the central issues null and alternative hypotheses, type I and type II errors, test statistics and critical regions, significance, and power.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com