The data are log-transformed with negative controls first multiplied by the factor specified in the null hypothesis (e.g., twofold) to reflect the data under the null.
In contrast, the comparison of constrained RPB1 trees indicated that the host-parasite co-speciation hypothesis was significantly more likely to reflect the true phylogeny than either the ancient asexuality hypothesis or the hypothesis of a single change in gene order.
Chi et al. (2004) advanced a related hypothesis: tutoring enhances students' capacity to reflect iteratively and actively on domain knowledge.
Here we put forward a hypothesis about why biomarkers tend to reflect relevant states in the emergence or progression of the disease.
In the right hand column of Table 2, we have given these QTL the same name to reflect the hypothesis that in these cases one QTL underlies the effect that appears in multiple analyses and/or in both backcrosses.
One hypothesis is that a time to reflect on the incident on one's own terms increases feelings of control and self-efficacy, which are important in maintaining feelings of competence and, in doing so, averting depressive symptoms.
We then re-ran the analysis, constraining the topology to reflect various hypotheses (for example, constraining nodes or pairs of nodes, Table 1), and recorded the harmonic mean of log likelihood values.
This operationalization was selected to reflect our hypotheses of a risk due to any exogenous female sex hormone rather than the effect of any specific source.
Three competing models (Martin et al. 2009, 2011a, b) were developed to reflect different hypotheses about the effects of hiking on site occupancy and nest success: (1) no effect, (2) a moderate effect, and (3) a substantial effect.
Temporal parameters were chosen to reflect the hypotheses that the periods immediately before and during central nervous system (CNS) embryogenesis, neural tube closure, and entire gestation could represent critical windows for exposure.
