Finally, the hypothesis of value asymmetry (VA) predicts that the territory has a higher value for the owners and therefore makes them more motivated to defend it (Maynard Smith and Parker 1976).
The tests were conducted in a nested fashion, such that groups for which we could not reject the hypothesis of equal values of ω were compared to their nearest neighbors (c.f., the tree in Figure 3).
To test the hypothesis of equal values of a between the datasets, we compared twice the difference in log-likelihood between the pooled model and the sum of the other two likelihoods (i.e., 2Δln L = 2((ln L_ P + ln L_ NP) - ln L_ A)).
Although we can reject the hypothesis of equal values of a (P < 10-8), surpriningly, in view of our initial prediction, we find that non-pathogenic fungi in fact have slightly larger gene families than do the pathogens (a = 4.14 verses a = 4.29 for pathogens).
Out of hypothesis power values of alpha-1 were subjected to the same analysis.
Under the null hypothesis the vector of values Z(S) has a multivariate normal distribution with mean zero and variances equal to one.
As the multiplex assay was designed to identify antibodies and antibody patterns to formulate new hypotheses regarding of value for understanding aetiology, pathogenesis, prognosis and prediction, we wished to investigate whether the multiplex assay could be useful to stratify anti-CCP-2-negative RA patients into different subsets using other outcome parameters.
Table 3 shows AUCs, 95% confidence intervals, and P-values (testing the null hypothesis of no predictive value) for all measures.
The Kruskal-Wallis test rejected the hypothesis of equal median values for the three groups (P <0.001).
In accordance with the hypothesis of symmetric gait, values of opposite foot strike (not expressed in percentage of gait cycle, i.e., 0.501 ± 0.008) were not found significantly different from 0.5 (P = 0.476).
The most rigorous procedure is nonlinear regression, from which values are listed in Table 2. Analysis of variance is now used to test the hypothesis of a common value for Zm.
