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We find that the null hypothesis is refuted – that is, a comparison of observed routes to their shortest-path alternatives based on time and distance via inferential statistics indicates that observed routes are significantly longer compared to their alternatives.
Therefore, it seems that the linguistic competence hypothesis is refuted by the fact that in many cases, the two Chinese translators choose to soften the statements/commands where no source text constraints can be found.
This hypothesis is refuted by the fact that NO inhalation produced clinical effects with the same baseline plasma levels of cGMP.
The fructose hypothesis is refuted by studies using real-world fructose exposures showing no differential effects versus control, and cause-and-effect evidence of adverse effects is lacking at typical human exposure levels and patterns [ 175].
Similar(56)
Experiment 2 was designed to replicate the significant cognitive outcome effects, and also to test the hypothesis that psychological damage is a likely consequence of skinfold caliper use-and that hypothesis was refuted.
However the latter hypothesis was refuted by subsequent studies [15], [16].
Recently, this hypothesis was refuted [ 12].
On the other hand, the neutrality hypothesis was refuted for all pairwise comparisons between the clades, indicating that purifying selection could plays a role in the conservation of the env coding sequence among the Gypsy subfamilies.
This hypothesis was refuted by careful studies of evolutionary histories of higher plant enzymes involved in the Calvin cycle, which showed their mixed endosymbiotic and host origin [ 128, 129], and further by analyses of the Toc and Tic translocons [ 22], the shikimate pathway for amino acid biosynthesis [ 130], and the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway [ 128].
Similarly, to the extent that the values of likelihoods are only vaguely implied by hypotheses as understood by an individual agent, that agent may be unable to determine which of several hypotheses is refuted or supported by a given body of evidence.
Scientific hypotheses are refuted, or at least called seriously into question, when predictions based on them fail to come true.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com