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Each hypothesis differed in the number of parameters to be estimated, from 1 (panmixia) to 25 (full migration; Fig. 2).
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This hypothesis differs from punctuated equilibrium in several respects.
This hypothesis differs from the previous one in emphasizing the importance of male and female genotypes in determining offspring fitness.
This hypothesis differs from the first one in that reward information enters the accumulation process only at or before the stimulus onset.
Moreover, we constrained the monophyly of clade consisting of Annelida sensu lato (i.e. including echiurids, siboglinids, and sipunculids) and myzostomids and tested with the method mentioned above if this hypothesis differs significantly from the best tree.
Numerical experiments are made showing that the proportions of rejections of the null hypothesis differ noticeably, by employ- ing the usual critical value, compared with using the data-driven critical values.
This hypothesis differs from that of Castro et al. [ 78] and Menezes and Weitzman [ 21] who found Glandulocauda to be the sister group of Mimagoniates and the clade consisting of those taxa as the sister group of Lophiobrycon.
The null hypothesis of no difference between samples applied to all tests, but the alternative hypotheses differed depending on the samples being tested: a) tungsten and cobalt increase through time in Fallon or Sweet Home; b) tungsten and cobalt are higher in Fallon or Sweet Home than in comparison areas; or c) temporal patterns for tungsten and cobalt are different from those of other metals.
Although the predictions of the landscape-divergence and nested-subsets hypotheses differ markedly, they are not mutually exclusive: habitat fragments in different landscapes could increasingly diverge over time, but still support subsets of the same high-diversity species pool found in intact habitat.
Indifferent hypotheses differ from geometrical conventions in one very important sense.
The idea that empirically indistinguishable hypotheses differ only verbally—"equivalent descriptions" in Reichenbach's terminology is already developed here.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com