The live, attenuated oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) remains the polio vaccine of choice in most countries because of its low costs, ease of administration, and proven ability to interrupt transmission in poor-hygiene settings by inducing good intestinal immunity and secondarily immunizing close contacts of OPV recipients [ 7].
The search algorithm comprised a targeted combination of food safety-related terms (e.g. food safety, food hygiene), population-setting terms (e.g. consumer, adults, home), intervention terms (e.g. program, course, campaign), and outcome terms (e.g. behaviour, knowledge, attitudes).
There is evidence that improved hand hygiene in NICU settings results in infection reduction [ 3].
We are aware of four previous systematic reviews of interventions for hand hygiene in healthcare settings.
Similar real-time monitoring devices are being pilot tested for various healthcare uses, such as infection control and oral hygiene, in developed settings [ 4, 5].
In Sweden, discussions and awareness on restricting the use of antibiotics in animals were fairly well established before the referred outbreak [ 18, 19], while basic hygiene in equine settings has been less thoroughly discussed.
It was felt that an approach to improving compliance should be developed that takes into account the applicability of the 5 moments of hand hygiene to all settings and staff-patient encounters.
A review of environmental hygiene in healthcare settings showed that implementation often lacked thoroughness; only 40% of the surfaces were being thoroughly cleaned in accordance with existing policies [ 39].
Introduction of directly observed hand hygiene in clinical settings may be a better option, where a designated healthcare assistant or nurse delivers alcohol-based hand rub to all conscious patients and healthcare workers once every 2 3 h.
The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDCC) Guidelines for Hand Hygiene in Healthcare Settings acknowledges that the ideal volume of product to apply to the hands is unknown, but states that, if hands dry before 10 to 15 s, an insufficient amount was used [ 1].
In 2002, the C.D.C., after reviewing the accumulating science, rewrote its "Guideline for Hand Hygiene in Health-Care Settings".
