Groundwater arises within different hydrogeological environment, and topographic settings that control the groundwater distribution and development for different purposes (Tesfaye 2010).
A hydrogeological environment is a conceptual model of morphological, geological and climatic parameters that determine the main groundwater flow features in given area.
Due to the extremely complicated hydrogeological environment, significant symptoms of water inrush can not be detected accurately using normal exploratory methods, which produces hundreds of water inrushes occurred during tunnel construction in karst area.
During weighted overlay analysis, a rank was given for each individual parameter of each thematic layer map, and weights were assigned according to the output of the MCDM (AHP) technique to that particular feature on the hydrogeological environment of the study area.
The PMOFHS integrates the previously developed deterministic multi-objective optimization method, namely multi-objective fast harmony search algorithm (MOFHS) with a probabilistic sorting technique to search for Pareto-optimal solutions to multi-objective optimization problems in a noisy hydrogeological environment arising from insufficient K data.
The groundwater modeling software package Groundwater Modeling System (GMS), which supports the groundwater numerical codes MODFLOW and FEMWATER, was utilized to determine the impact of tunneling excavation on the hydrogeological environment in a regional area around the tunnel and a local hot springs area, at the "Tseng-Wen Reservoir Transbasin Diversion Project", in Taiwan.
This paper reviews current uses of GPR in GDE research through the construction of a database comprising 91 worldwide GPR case studies selected from the literature and classified according to (1) geological environments favouring GDE; (2) hydrogeological research interests; and (3) field technical and (4) hydrogeological conditions of the survey.
Previous studies of Jharkhand (Kumar and Krishna 2016; Shekhar and Pandey 2015; Srivastava et al. 2012) have also reported that the hydrogeological factors in a GIS environment play an important role in identifying suitable recharge areas for groundwater, as well as being a useful technique for future sustainable groundwater management.
The investigations at this site demonstrate that glacial outburst floods and glacier margin fluctuations produce a suite of sediments, landforms and environments that affect the hydrogeological system.
In hard rock terrains, groundwater potential mapping is relatively complex due largely to highly variable nature of the geological terrain (Kellgren 2002: Anbazhagan et al. 2011) extensive hydrogeological investigations are required in basement complex environment to understand groundwater conditions (Solomon and Quiel 2006; Balamurugan et al. 2008; Pradhan 2009).
