This is particularly true in the sub-humid ecological zones where prevailing environmental conditions are conducive to increase the provenience of insect pests and diseases.
In sub-Saharan Africa, including Madagascar, widespread yield reductions and disease susceptibility in rice have been ascribed to Si deficiencies, particularly in acidic, weathered Oxisol and Ultisol soils of highland and humid agro-ecological zones (Winslow 1992; Tsujimoto et al. 2014).
SOC stocks decreased from the southwest to the northeast of Nigeria, and increased from Sahel to Humid forest agro-ecological zones.
According to previous studies, Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptus camaldulensis can grow and perform best in cool and humid highlands of agro-ecological zone (i.e., locally known as "Dega") (Hailu 2002; Hailu et al. 2003; Ayele 2008), suggesting that this agro-ecological zone is similar to the present study site.
These species are morphologically similar (but diagnosable by the presence of tibial glands in R. schneideri) and have essentially a parapatric distribution, but may occur in sympatry along ecological transitions between humid and dry forests.
They usually occur as large populations, in a variety of ecological habitats (most often humid forest or maquis; [ 34]).
In this scenario, ecological adaptation to the humid rainforest may have led to the loss of mbCHCs in D. birchii and reproductive isolation from D. serrata.
The studied area has a wide range of agro-ecological zones (AEZ), from humid to sub-humid in the highlands, to semi-arid in the southern parts (Muluneh et al. 2015).
The organic material found in these waste materials under humid conditions and optimal temperatures establishes the ecological niche for the mycelial phase of development, and microconidium constitutes the infectious form of the fungus [ 1- 3].
Tollefsrud et al. [ 25] suggested that the dry plains of central and south-eastern Europe, including the Hungarian Plain, formed an ecological barrier to any expansion, whereas humid mountain ranges elsewhere in central Europe facilitated the northward spread of other spruce lineages.
Along the way we ascended high mountain passes and ducked into the low, humid rain forests that characterize the impressive climatic and ecological gradients compressed into the small country of Bhutan.
