Finally, recent genomic studies, using a technique called macroarray, indicate that, even though differences in particular genes related to brain function are not great in comparing chimpanzees to humans, differences in regulation and expression of these genes are radically different, with much higher levels of expression in humans, referred to as "up-regulation".
When interpreting and translating research findings in pre-clinical carboxylesterase studies from mice to humans, differences of carboxylesterases between mice and human must be considered.
In order to translate pre-clinical studies in cellular and mouse models to humans, differences and similarities of carboxylesterases between mice and human need to be elucidated.
Our study investigated, in humans, differences between first-, middle- and lastborns using lifetime fitness measures, while simultaneously controlling for maternal age, total number of siblings and socio-economic status.
In humans, differences in fetal length may therefore reflect early gestational placentation and periconceptual maternal nutrition.
In humans, differences in glutathione expression can significantly impact Hg elimination [ 30, 31].
In humans, differences in macrophage-specific cholesterol efflux are predominantly due to ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux, not to the other transporters [37].
In organisms ranging from yeast to humans, differences in transcription factor activity during the cell cycle cause a significant fraction of all genes to be regulated periodically (Whitfield et al. 2002; Rustici et al. 2004).
Although the basic principles of XCI are similar in mouse and humans, differences exist in the timing of XCI initiation, the genetic elements involved in XCI regulation and the form of XCI in specific tissues.
In humans, differences in the capacities and the relative immaturity of compensatory mechanisms of the fetus and neonate increase the vulnerability of these life stages and have significant implications for tolerance to perturbations of the thyroid axis.
In humans, differences in the rate of the birth-and-death process is not mirrored in the differences in the strength of positive selection, as dN/dS ratios are very similar for both MHC classes, but in mice dN/dS in MHC class I genes is considerably lower than that in MHC class II [ 29, 31].
