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Human uptake of flame retardants (FRs) such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) via indoor dust ingestion is commonly considered as 100% bioaccessible, leading to potential risk overestimation.
Cigarette smoke analyte yields are often expressed as ratios relative to tar or nicotine yields, usually to compare different products or to estimate human uptake of smoke in relation to nicotine uptake measurements.
Concentrations of environmental factors (such as antibiotics) and ARB, along with their fate and transport to points of human uptake, are critical to exposure assessment.
In one human uptake study, sampling was conducted at fixed time points after ingestion of cookies containing methyl eugenol (Schecter et al. 2004).
Assumptions about doses to populations near nuclear facilities are based on estimated releases, environmental dispersion, human uptake, and estimates of the relative biological effectiveness of different forms of radiation.
It is therefore logical that active ingredients (AIs) used in IRS should be biologically available to control the mosquito vectors, but at the same time potentially also available for human uptake via various routes.
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Thus, risk assessment must rely on biomarkers of total human uptakes.
We have further shown differences between this human CMN uptake of toxin and the rodent uptake of circulating toxins into LMNs, which could be increased by exercise.
Recently, we (Komatsu et al. 2007) and others (Fischer et al. 2005; Monks et al. 2007) reported that the expression of the human hepatocyte uptake transporter OATP1B1 or OATP1B3 was critical for the selective uptake of microcystin-LR into hepatocytes and for induction of its fatal cytotoxicity.
This study assesses the impact that it has had on the rates of human papillomavirus uptake.
Despite the availability of a safe and efficacious vaccine against human papillomavirus, uptake of the vaccine in the United States is low.
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