TSP-1 is present in the outer annulus of both human and sand rat discs and, at apparently lower levels, in the inner annulus [ 11].
The objectives of the present study, therefore, were to determine the localization patterns of asporin within the human and sand rat intervertebral disc, and to assess asporin expression in the human disc in vivo and in vitro.
The first portion of our study of asporin and the intervertebral disc tested for the presence of asporin in human and sand rat discs using immunohistochemistry. Localization was seen within disc cells, but not in the extracellular disc matrix.
4, 5 Many studies have sought to investigate the serological markers of hosts, both animal and human, against sand fly species, 6– 14 although the problem remains a highly complex and contextual matter warranting deeper novel analysis.
To better understand human anti-sand fly salivary antibody presence based on differential exposure to wild P. papatasi sand flies, six sites were selected as collection points for human host peripheral blood samples.
Carrión disease is transmitted to humans by sand flies of the genus Lutzomyia, which propagate in the Andes Mountains in parts of Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia.
Leishmania protozoans are transmitted to humans by sand flies and infect macrophages (a type of white blood cell) that attempt to engulf and digest the foreign pathogen.
Vaccination campaigns against measles have been hit and cutaneous leishmaniasis, a disease transmitted to humans through sand fly bites already endemic in parts of Syria, especially Aleppo, is spreading.
The parasite Leishmania is spread to humans by sand flies.
In India, P. argentipes and P. papatasi are the most frequent human-biting sand flies.
