Lewis and Pettersson (2009) developed a list of governance indicators for health systems grouped into five topics: budget management; human resources; institutional providers; informal payments; and institutions.
Table 5 shows the actions recommended by the respondents for local and international levels to strengthen the creation and sustenance of R4H human resources and institutions that produce R4H resource inputs and those that combine those inputs to conduct, absorb and utilize research.
These included professional associations and regulatory bodies, ministry of health officials with responsibility for human resources, training institutions and development projects focused on human resource development issues.
Due to the lack of medical technologies and human resources, healthcare institutions of a lower level cannot ensure quality of healthcare.
In countries with a higher HDI, there was evidence of greater capacity (human resources, research institutions, publications, financial resources) but no greater link to equity-focused research, alignment of research with health priorities or use of research for policy-making.
The following variables were entered as patient or institutional predictors for death: age, sex, initial phase of CML, type of institution, specialized human resources at the institution (hematologist or oncologist), research ability and the capability to perform bone marrow biopsy or aspiration, number of physicians, enrollment rate (<2, [2 5], >5 patients/year), and the WHO region.
Human resources of medical institutions tended to show a negative relationship with patient MEs among AID beneficiaries; an increase in Score 1 by 10% would decrease the MEs by 0.9%.
Some obstacles to PIEM prevention are organizational constraints, such as the lack of human resources, mainly in institutions, and care planning, such as communication among nurses, physicians, and physiotherapists.
In terms of the weaknesses of current health policymaking, country teams reported lack of policymakers' abilities to think strategically and develop policies, financial constraints, and lack of competent and skilled human resources in policymaking institutions.
A society, for example, is more complete than an institution since a society at least as traditionally understood is more or less self-sufficient in terms of human resources, whereas an institution is not.
