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The first 3 are well-characterized human pathogens; however, little is known about TULV human pathogenicity.
Other pathogens found in biofilters are related to fish and human pathogenicity like Vibrio, Erwinia, Coxiella, and Aeromonas [ 16].
Prevalence studies with appropriate control groups and proof of the absence of co-infections with other pathogens are required to provide evidence in favor of human pathogenicity.
G1 is considered the most important Stx2 variant group in terms of human pathogenicity.
Finally, the ability of Parachlamydia to resist to human macrophages [22], [23] further supported its human pathogenicity.
The potential transfer of C. botulinum BoNT-encoding plasmids to other bacterial hosts in the environment or within the human intestine is of great concern for human pathogenicity and necessitates further characterization of these plasmids.
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Being able to use plant models to study pathogenicity of human pathogens relies on the microbial capacity for cross-kingdom pathogenicity [15], [18].
While an important topic for human health, pathogenicity is not the most prevalent development process for living organisms.
When using an fkpA mutant that is defective in survival and replication in human macrophages, pathogenicity was strongly attenuated in the zebrafish model.
Consistent with the hypothesis that expansion of the exportome in P. falciparum is primarily for trafficking and function of PfEMP1 and human specific pathogenicity mechanisms is the observation that the identified molecules are either P. falciparum specific or found exclusively in the other Plasmodia of primates.
LPAI viruses are often considered to be of lower risk because they are associated with limited mortality in poultry, but they may be harbingers of risk to humans since pathogenicity to poultry is not a precondition for human infection.
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