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Myostatin-null mutations have been identified in dogs, cattle and sheep, resulting in a double-muscled phenotype [1], [20], [21] and an exceptionally muscular and strong human lacking functional myostatin protein was also recently identified [22], [23].
However, those databases are centered primarily on yeast, plants and human, lacking curated information on HMEs in the fungal kingdom (other than yeast).
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Using those skeletons as a basis, scholars reconstructed the Neanderthals as semi-human, lacking a full upright posture and being somewhat less intelligent than modern humans.
Humans, lacking the fur of our more hirsute evolutionary cousins, had to find a replacement for allogrooming.
Mice and humans lacking functional AID display B-cell hyperplasia and a hyperactivated immune system [1] [3].
Failure of fluid absorption in the endolymphatic sac due to lack of Slc26a4 expression appears to initiate cochlear enlargement in mice, and possibly humans, lacking functional Slc26a4 expression.
The importance of caspases in T cell activation is reiterated by defective T cell activation observed in humans lacking functional caspase-8 [16].
Accordingly, humans lacking myeloid differentiation protein 88 (MyD88) activity had very limited severe infections [ 21].
However, humans lacking the AQP1 protein appear phenotypically normal (Verkman and Mitra, 2001).
Leptin plays important roles in both adaptive and innate immunity, and humans lacking leptin function exhibit impaired immunity.
Do humans lack the appropriate technology to detect life elsewhere?
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