Exact(14)
Domoic acid and its isomers are algal neurotoxins responsible for the human intoxication syndrome known as amnesic shellfish poisoning.
Contaminated drinking water (i.e., water samples having arsenic in excess of abovementioned permissible limit/concentration level) is the main source of chronic human intoxication (Gabel 2000; Smith et al. 2000), which results in skin ailments such as hyperpigmentation and keratosis, and leads progressively to cancer and ultimately death (WHO 2004; National Academy Press 2001).
The brevetoxin producing dinoflagellate, Karenia brevis, is the target of several monitoring and research programs in the Gulf of Mexico, where it forms extensive and frequently long-lived annual blooms that can cause human intoxication and fish kills, as well as severe economic losses to coastal communities.
Those researchers divided 192 zebrafish into shoals of four fish each, and each shoal was exposed to water only, taurine only, or a combination of taurine and alcohol at a concentration that "would induce moderate human intoxication".
Data for human intoxication have been scarce [3], [5].
Accumulations of PST can induce mass death of fish [2], [3], high mortalities among marine mammals [4], [5], and cause human intoxication via consumption of contaminated shellfish [6].
Similar(46)
Human intoxications during toxic episodes in shellfish are a very important concern for public health, as well as for economic interests of producer regions.
Once confined only to tropical and subtropical areas, palytoxins have recently spread also to more temperate regions, such as the Mediterranean Sea where they have caused severe human intoxications.
PSP is potentially fatal to both humans [ 2] and marine fauna, particularly vertebrates [ 3, 4]; human intoxications typically occur after ingestion of suspension-feeding bivalve molluscs.
Over the past three decades, the frequency and global distribution of toxic algal incidents appear to have increased, and human intoxications from novel algal sources have occurred.
Seven BoNTs serotypes (A to G) have been described but serotypes A, B and E are responsible for the majority of natural human intoxications [ 1].
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