In humans, conversion of ALA and LA into their metabolites is extremely low and several factors, including age, gender, immune state, alcohol, and smoking, may influence LA and ALA metabolism.
For animals including humans, conversion of pro-vitamin-A carotenoids to retinal is essential to health, and the hydroxyl-carotenoids (lutein, zeaxanthin, and meso-zeaxanthin) function to protect the central retina from photo-oxidative damage (see more details in reviews).
We estimated the increase over baseline response that would occur in the human population from estimated ambient concentrations of acrolein, taken from the U.S. EPA's National-Scale Air Toxics Assessment for 1999, after standard animal-to-human conversions and extrapolating to doses below the experimental data.
These account for scaling from animals to humans (interspecies conversion uncertainty), human heterogeneity relative to the experimental animals, and converting from subchronic to chronic exposures.
In most human societies, conversion has been seen as an act whose consequences are as much social and political as spiritual; and it has been assumed that the wider community, in the form of the family, the village or the state, has every right to take an interest in the matter.
Under Decision 11/CP.7, the UNFCCC defined deforestation as: "the direct, human induced conversion of forested land to non-forested land".
Brazilian seasonally dry tropical forests (SDTF) are endangered because of human occupation, conversion of lands to agriculture and high deforestation rates in these fertile soils.
Thus, we postulated that additional transcriptional regulators might be needed to promote human ductal conversion toward a β-cell fate.
More advanced, the accounting rules "should ensure that accounts accurately reflect human-induced changes in emissions and removals", therefore emissions from ARD and "results from direct human-induced conversion of land should be accounted for in their entirety" [22].
