Sentence examples for human alcoholics from inspiring English sources
By simultaneously studying miRNA and mRNA expression profiles in the frontal cortex of ethanol-treated mice and comparing these with similar studies conducted in brains of human alcoholics, we provide evidence that alcohol drinking induces extensive activation of miRNA expression.
The miRNA expression analysis indicated that, as in prefrontal cortex (PFC) of human alcoholics, miRNAs appear predominantly upregulated in FCtx of alcohol-drinking mice, with 52 miRNA families upregulated in mouse brain (Table 1).
In human alcoholics, these disruptions persist during extended abstinence and appear to promote relapse to drinking.
Human alcoholics display dramatic disruptions of circadian rhythms that may contribute to the maintenance of excessive drinking, thus creating a vicious cycle.
Moreover, lower NPY levels have been linked to alcohol and drug consumption in rats, and certain gene variants of NPY found to be more common in human alcoholics.
While clinical studies cannot establish direct causal mechanisms, recent animal experiments have revealed bidirectional interactions between circadian rhythms and ethanol intake, suggesting that the chronobiological disruptions seen in human alcoholics are mediated in part by alterations in circadian pacemaker function.
Microglia in postmortem human alcoholic brain and chronic alcohol-treated mouse and rat brain show increased MHC gene expression, but not the bushy or phagocytic activation profiles associated with marked brain damage.
The article also will offer evidence from animal studies and postmortem human alcoholic brain studies that neuroimmune signaling may increase alcohol drinking and risky decision making and (in alcohol-treated animals) blunt the ability to change, decreasing behavioral flexibility.
It has been largely reported that apoptosis of hepatocytes is a significant histological feature of human Alcoholic Liver Diseases (ALD).
The HMGB1 receptor RAGE also was increased in postmortem human alcoholic brain (Vetreno et al. 2013).
These studies indicate that neuroimmune-gene expression is increased in the human alcoholic brain.
