One significant challenge is how to validly capture effective SSRI exposure across varying formulations, developmental stages, and levels of medication adherence.
Using generalizability analysis as well as content analysis, the present study investigates how reliably and validly instructional quality is measured by observer ratings.
How DWs can validly be measured, defined, or (more neutrally speaking) elicited is of equal importance for the results as the question, "Who is asked to provide the DWs?" Although elicitation methods will be discussed below, this article does not focus on the question of which sources (e.g., patients, clinical experts, etc).
7 Thus, research should determine what consequences are associated with previous injury, how these can be validly measured and what interventions can reverse or reduce these consequences.
If the Court invalidates a statute in the exercise of judicial review, then Congress must go back to the drawing board and bargain over how to enact its policy validly.
How can these elements be validly and reliably measured so that it is clear when they are present or absent?
In 2005, when Black was serving in the Virginia House of Delegates, he made a speech in which he said he "did not know how on earth you could validly get a conviction of a husband-wife rape, when they're living together, sleeping in the same bed, she's in a nightie, and so forth, there's no injury, there's no separation or anything".
It is unclear how postural responses with a handheld task can validly be transferred to treadmill-induced slip perturbations in subjects with recurrent low back pain (LBP).
As stressed by the authors, STROBE was not developed to explain how research should be done, and so cannot validly be used to assess methodological quality.
In 2005, when Black served in the Virginia House of Delegates, he spoke on the legislative floor about how he "did not know how on earth you could validly get a conviction of a husband-wife rape, when they're living together, sleeping in the same bed, she's in a nightie, and so forth, there's no injury, there's no separation or anything".
Writings on the 'scientific method', whether from practicing scientists or philosophers, seem to deal mainly with how we design and perform experiments so that we can validly infer that something is or is not the case.
