Sentence examples for how phenotypic variance from inspiring English sources

Focusing on how phenotypic variance can contribute to the course of evolution, and asking whether it express developmental properties, is thus a new and promising issue to the understanding of both short and long term evolution [7], [8], [9], [10].

The power to detect QTNs is determined by how much phenotypic variance is explained by the QTN, which is in turn determined by the effect size and allele frequency of that QTN.

We used animal models fitted using REML-VCE 6.0.2 [ 55] to estimate how much of the phenotypic variance in tarsus, song rate and beak colour is due to additive genetic, maternal and early environmental effects.

Next, we tested in the Generation R Study (N = 2385) how much of the phenotypic variance in infant length was explained by the score composed of height-increasing-alleles. Variants from the 180 known adult height loci together explained 2.95% of the variance in infant length (P = 3.10 × 10−17, Fig.  5).

In Table  3 we show how statistical power remains fixed for variants explaining similar proportions of phenotypic variance, but how standard deviation effect sizes need to be higher for lower frequency variants.

Variance in phenotype or phenotypic variance is symbolized as \(V_P\).

Exploring variation in the human genome is essential to begin to understand how polymorphism impacts gene expression, phenotypic variance and disease susceptibility.

The prior distribution on τ j (and therefore the sequence { δ1, …, δ j}) is a key modeling decision as τ j controls how much of the total phenotypic variance we expect each successive factor to explain.

First, our results demonstrate how phenotypic evolution can be driven by selection against reproductive variance.

We show how mapping success is affected by a mutation's effect on the mean phenotype as well as its effects on phenotypic variance and fitness.

Therefore, QST is often approximated by PST, which is calculated directly from the total phenotypic (i.e. combined genetic and environmental) variance components [ 64]: P S T = V b V b + 2 V w Obviously, how well PST approximates QST depends on whether the total phenotypic variance within and between populations reflects the additive genetic variance.