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The question that is being assessed here is how much sample is really required?
why the sample was required; how much sample was required; how to collect the sample; where they should return it; and when they should expect to get the results.
Participants wanted information on: why the sample was required; how much sample was required; how to collect the sample; where they should return it; and when they should expect to get the results.
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Thus, D is a measure of how much samples FORG and CONCEN differ.
In this case, the free energy calculations would be anywhere from 100 to 1000 times faster depending on how much sampling error can be tolerated.
So, one may examine sample size for smaller effect size: say, effect size of 1.2 and 1.1 and see how much the sample size would change in these two additional settings.
Here, the two function values are the integral of geodesic distance over the polygonal shape [9] and surface curvature, where the integral of geodesic distance represents how much the sample point is far away from the object center.
The ecdysone titer was determined by how much the sample displaced the H-labeled ecdysone in the reaction.
This adjustment was made available for sensitivity analysis; specifically, to explore how much the sample size result could change if the confounder were in fact an effect modifier.
However, the practical consequence of this theoretical advantage of the BMD approach, at the level of a resulting RfD, depends on how much the sample size is increased and possibly on the selected BMR.
One possible reason why GP-Theta outperforms the other normalization methods is that it gives a definite estimate of how much the sample mean should be shrunk to alleviate the impact of overdispersion.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com