Perceived norms were assessed by asking participants (N = 605) to estimate how many grade mates were academically engaged, disengaged, and antisocial.
Schools in England are now being measured according to how many pupils achieve grades A*-C in five core subjects - maths, English, two science qualifications, a foreign language and either history or geography.
The "Bacc", which was introduced last December, is a new league table measure which ranks schools according to how many pupils gain grades A*-C in GCSEs in five subject areas: English, maths, a language, science and either geography or history.
And on the right side of your paper write down how many marks or grades you wish to have.
After participation approval was received from the selected schools (100% acceptance), two classes were randomly chosen from each of the 25 schools participating in the study according to the grade distribution (how many classes for each grade were registered in the whole city).
You can look at tariff tables online to see how many points each grade has.
The previous exams used the norm referencing system, which meant that regardless of how well or badly a year group performed, there would be limits on how many achieved each grade.
It was unclear yesterday how many of the failing grades were assigned to principals at those schools.
It's useful to know how many pupils got good grades in key subjects and how that compares with other local schools.
