The distortion function describes the goals of a decision-making pathway by quantifying how disadvantageous, or "distorted," a decision y is in response to a stimulus x = (x 1, x 2, x 3 ).
The distortion measure d that quantifies how disadvantageous a decision y is, in response to the stimulus vector x = (x 1, x 2, x 3 ) is defined by the equation d ((x 1, x 2, x 3 | y = s u r v i v a l ) ) = 10 if x i ≥ x i t h for some i, and d ((x 1, x 2, x 3 | y = d e a t h ) ) = 10 - 1 if x i ≥ x i t h for some i, and a small number otherwise.
The aim of this article is to critically review the evidence regarding the prognostic implications of elevated RHR in patients with hypertension and established CV disease, the mechanisms through which an elevated RHR may be disadvantageous, and how reduction in elevated RHR may be of potential benefit.
In 2007 Dr Ian Walker, an expert in transport and traffic at the University of Bath, published research that demonstrated how helmets can have a disadvantageous effect on motorist behaviour.
This study, she says, "is one of the few times where we look at how they respond to situations that are disadvantageous to them," and how the animals' behavior coincides with or diverges from that of humans.
The author also discusses how inbreeding may often not be as disadvantageous (deleterious) as generally put forth.
These circumstances are chiefly of importance, as showing how earnestly and severely the Brazilians feel their disadvantageous position.Now, then, what steps have we taken to protect and retain this important branch of our trade?
ARIEL LEVY: Also, it was weird to read a whole book arguing, essentially, against marriage — telling us how it's outdated and unnecessary and often disadvantageous for women — that ends with the narrator getting married.
History abounds with examples of how bigotry isn't just evil but economically disadvantageous.
The relative independence of this process from payoff preferences could explain how physiological responses were found in anticipation of disadvantageous choices in the original version of the task [ 11, 35], but in anticipation of advantageous choices under a different distribution of losses [ 69].
Around nine months ago, Mr. Phillips said, he met Mr. Strong for dinner, and listened to him speak of "how active trading of stocks by fund managers was disadvantageous to investors," Mr. Phillips said.
