Data collection included: structured interviewer administered surveys of the main carer for each child in this age group and of the main householder; a systematic detailed survey of the functional state of the household infrastructure; a survey of the general community environment; and an interview with a senior member of the community council or housing office.
The household questionnaire contains rich information on the household economy, household infrastructure, housing conditions, agricultural activities and environmental threats as well as information about individuals in the household: their gender, age, hukou registration, marital status, education, employment status, etc.
Trained field workers initially administered a questionnaire including demographic information of all household members, materials of household infrastructure, education, occupation, ownership of household assets, household utilities, and access to water, sanitation and hygiene facilities.
Levels of crowding and the functional state of household infrastructure varied between communities (Table 2).
This association was shown for the indicator of overall function of household infrastructure, and not for indicators of functional state of infrastructure relating to specific healthy living practices.
The use of more appropriate technology, and the presence of proactive repairs and maintenance programs, should greatly improve the functioning of household infrastructure.
The use of water is bound up with routine and habit as much as the acquisition of tools, appliances and household infrastructures.
The main spending areas are public housing for poor households; infrastructure projects such as railways, roads, airports and the power grid; speeding up rebuilding after the May earthquake; and increased spending on health and education.
Socioeconomic indicators previously used to measure poverty (6 ), such as literacy, household sanitary infrastructure, and income, were obtained from recent national population surveys (7, 8 ).
This paper examines defecation patterns of different groups of people in rural areas of Odisha state in India to identify causes and determinants of latrine non-use, with a special focus on government-subsidized latrine owners, and shortcomings in household sanitation infrastructure built with government subsidies.
The urban poor are the most affected: in 2009, the percentage of poor households lacking infrastructure was six times higher than that of high-income households.
