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In this context, one of the key issues is the difference between external (e.g. layoffs) and internal (e.g. reduction in working hours) margins of adjustment.
Third, the main independent variable of interest is measured both at the extensive (training participation) and intensive (number of hours) margins.
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However, in the basic new Keynesian model, there is no unemployment, all variation in labor input occurs along the intensive hours margin, and the driving variable for inflation depends on workers' marginal rates of substitution between leisure and consumption.
Fernald (2012) shows that firms used the hours "margin" more than in any previous recession.
A four-hour margin in work transition categories was chosen to focus on meaningful changes in hours worked.
Advice about timing of ACT dosages is not clear but it is thought that a 3-hour margin either side of the expected timing is acceptable.
Furthermore, a number of studies have focused on evaluating labour supply responses to the EITC at the extensive (participation) and intensive (hours worked) margins.
That leaves Labor Ready with 45 cents an hour — a margin of not quite 5%.
The average hourly rate in EAT is now £7.60 per hour, some margin above the living wage rate set by the government.
You spend hours getting the margins just right, picking the perfect font, spacing the lines just so.
The transitions by women who provide informal care tend to be dominated by changes in the extensive margin (labour force participation), rather than the intensive margin (hours worked), of employment (Heckman 1993).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com