The increase in urinary [Na+] and [Cl−] observed after furosemide administration lasted mainly 3 h, as median urinary concentrations of both electrolytes achieved baseline values around the third hour (long-term group, n = 24, Additional file 4: Table S3 and Fig. 5).
Our results demonstrate that successful acquisition in this paradigm elicits at least 24-hour long-term memory retention for spatial information.
In contrast to the short-term heat stress treatments (few hours), long-term heat treatments in switchgrass (for up to 50 days) may be providing a totally different snap shot of the transcriptome.
Cells can clearly be followed through the successive time points in each of these experimental situations ranging from a few minutes (short-term) to 24 hours (long-term) time-lapse duration.
These problems are overcome by a three time scale decomposition and the use of a short term so called lazy man weather prediction, a commercially available weather prediction over 24 hours, and a long term weather prediction which equals the average weather over a couple of years.
After 7 days culture under hypoxia with two medium changes, GSH / GSSG measurement was also done using these cells cultured for 24 more hours under hypoxia (long term hypoxia: LH).
We propose that differential regulation of the inflammation-associated innate immune response and related gene expression changes seen at 3 hours determine the long term outcome of Mtb infection in rabbit lungs.
To investigate the differential kinetic behavior of the transcriptome after B[a]P exposure, and to identify the primary Ahr response, we used two different setups: (1) short term exposure, Hepa1c1c7 cells were treated with 50 nM B[a]P for 0, 1, 2, and 4 hours and (2) long term exposure, Hepa1c1c7 cells were treated with 50 nM or 5 μM B[a]P for 2, 4, 12 and 24h.
Experiments on yeast submitted to several types of stress including oxidative stress have shown that fast transient responses occurring during the first three hours are followed by stable long term (>12 hours) changes [ 5, 6].
Other crowdsensing applications may operate in short term, e.g., a one-off initiative, sometimes lasting just few hours [82] or long term basis [64, 83].
This approach presents a durable surface that allows both short (hours or days) and long term (weeks) effects on cell activity to be assessed.
