All of these agents except PD98059 inhibited the AII stimulation of NHE3 activity after 1 hour, effects that were paralleled by their effects on AII stimulated apical surface NHE3.
Two separate two factor analyses of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures were completed to examine the short term (Pre-treatment and Post-treatment) and long term (2 - 9 hour) effects of the two treatments.
How much of this that is an effect of increased working hours rather than a wage increase is unfortunately not possible to determine with the available data, but presumably the hours effect dominates.
It has a 24-hour effect on BP control due to blockade of the AT1 receptor, but there may be an increase in angiotensin II concentration acting on AT2 receptors, with consequent vasodilatation.
However, most of the RCTs [ 3, 5, 7, 9, 21, 23, 24, 26- 28, 30, 31, 33, 36- 38, 40, 41] included in this analysis reported either no effect or only a very short (less than 12-hour) effect duration of single-administration IA bupivacaine compared with placebo.
For the subset of 894 patients admitted to our ICU there was no 'out of hours' effect.
Caffeine (taken orally) has demonstrated a modest, though short-term (up to 4 hours), effect as a bronchodilator.
However, although the implementation of our acute medical admission unit lowered mortality by 50%, the 'out of hours effect' was completely unaltered.
The objective of this study was to investigate whether an after hours effect on mortality may be present among patients admitted to and discharged from ICU.
The 'out of hours' effect on 30-day mortality was independently predictive, despite adjustment for other major outcome predictors, including acute illness severity, Charlson index (OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.23; 1.42) and an ICU admission (OR 8.88, 95% CI 6.39; 12.2).
