If Auden had enlightened Britten, then Melville's mentor was the decidedly heterosexual, darkly handsome Nathaniel Hawthorne with whom he became obsessed; in an extraordinarily suggestive image, Melville wrote that Hawthorne "shoots his strong New England roots in the hot soil of my Southern soul".
What still puzzles Shade, though, is where those different microbes in hot soil came from.
The researchers discovered that beetles on hot soil climbed onto their excrement balls seven times more often than when on cooler ground.
Californians can also blame the RRR for exacerbating the state-wide drought, as the high atmospheric pressure, warm water and hot soil created a feedback loop that made the hot weather even hotter.
"Dung beetles are the first example of an insect using a mobile, thermal refuge to move across hot soil," researcher Jochen Smolka, a neuroethologist at Lund University in Sweden, told LiveScience.
Worms that emerged from the soil at mid-day began to burrow the soonest, and took the longest time to re-enter the dry, hot soil, whereas worms that emerged at dawn on moist ground traveled the farthest and returned to the soil in the shortest time.
The Monte Rotondo-4 (MR4in) site had a population of Cyanidiales growing among trachytic and detritic rocks, on the hot soil (50°C, interlithic population).
When mountain regions grow hotter, soil and vegetation dries out more quickly in the summer, fostering conditions conducive to the spread of wildfire.
In the desert, the ground can become so hot the soil ignites, and a plant can shoot out a root to siphon water from another in only a few hours.
As a result of the climatic differences between the drier and cooler North and the wetter and hotter South, soils may be grouped into two classifications.
