In Rag-1-deficient hosts, transferred CD8+ T cells had undergone significant homeostatic proliferation as revealed by CFSE dilution, however, there was no apparent upregulation of caspase-3 activity (Fig. 11).
In contrast, SCID hosts transferred with T cell-depleted donor populations, despite having as many circulating T cells as the FTY720-treated mice from day 21, did not develop disease at all.
This was the most obvious in the case of adoptive transfer experiments, in which arthritic SCID hosts, reconstituted with complete donor populations and receiving FTY720 treatment, had the same blood T-cell pool size (from day 21) as the non-arthritic hosts transferred with T cell-depleted donor fractions.
Tests showed the reduction in Host-to-Device and Device-to-Host transfer times had a significant impact on the calculation rate of the algorithm.
All extant P. falciparum populations seem to have originated from the parasite infecting chimpanzees by a single-host transfer about 10,000 years ago.
A parasite's ability to perform molecular mimicry may stem from either having acquired macromolecules from the host (transfer) or from adaptive evolution of the mimicking structures (convergence).
This points to a recent host transfer between humans and monkeys, but the direction of transfer is still controversial [ 3– 5].
Oocyte collection and host transfer were performed as previously described (Holwill et al., 1987), with minor modifications.
For host transfer experiments, differential gene expression was assessed with the DESeq R package [ 133] as previously described [ 37].
Upon host transfer, 22 and 28 ABC genes were differentially expressed in strain London mites transferred from bean to Arabidopsis and tomato plants, respectively.
