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The comparisons shown in Figure 3 clearly indicate that the differences in population dynamics are not changed qualitatively by host rate heterogeneity.
Selection will act differently depending on the interaction among factors such as the mode of transmission, speed of kill (virulence), free-living pathogen persistence time and within-host rate of replication.
If within-host HCV evolution is faster at the start of chronic infection (possibly due to adaptation to the new host; [ 41]) then the long-term among-host rate of evolution will depend to some extent on the rate of transmission [ 24].
More generally, the outcome of infection depends on numerous factors, including host and parasite genetics, host age, rates of infection, and host immune status.
In such scenarios, coevolving phage can only drive a decrease in host growth rates; as hosts evolve to become more resistant, their growth rate is reduced.
Although rare, cases exist where high recent host speciation rates have enabled host-parasite co-speciation [ 8].
With symmetric host contact rates and equal host population sizes, and without seasonal forcing, we would expect trunk proportions of one third for each region.
Indeed, we found that parasite within-host growth rates were higher in well-fed hosts (figure 2).
