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The knowledge of the genetic structure of schistosome populations in relation to epidemiological data and host variability is essential for the understanding of the epidemiology of the disease and the design of control strategies.
The study of infectious disease has been aided by model organisms, which have helped to elucidate molecular mechanisms and contributed to the development of new treatments; however, the lack of a conceptual framework for unifying findings across models, combined with host variability, has impeded progress and translation.
Meanwhile, hspAmerind strains seem to lack the diversity that would be required to survive in the high host variability brought by Mestizos.
By doing so we were able to verify how different evolutionary stories shape dinucleotide usage in viruses which share the same host taxon but are distantly related by phylogeny, thus excluding host variability as a possible source of variation.
In such a study, the range of host variability is accommodated.
This host variability could potentially impact human populations as possible sources of zoonotic spread of influenza.
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However, in the presence of substantial within-host variability, our results indicate that rather than seek out supershedders themselves, the most effective controls would directly target the phenomenon of pathogen supershedding with the aim of interrupting or preventing high shedding densities.
Thus, sequencing deeper than that currently routinely achieved for RNA viruses (ideally detecting mutations at 0.1% frequency and lower for detailed studies) is necessary to more accurately assess the risk posed by intra-host variability (15).
Moreover, HCV infection is characterized by high intra-host variability, due to high mutation rate and replication activity in vivo.
In the past ten years, candidate gene approaches were used to investigate host genetic variability in HIV-1 disease.
At intermediate level of host genetic variability, the mutualistic benefits should be at their highest potential and infected plants would have higher fitness than noninfected ones.
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