Other host-specific characteristics could also play a role in limiting the effective population sizes of these strains, as could the population dynamics of transmission vectors.
The model is able to simulate immunological responses to therapeutic proteins based on protein-specific characteristics (e.g., T-cell epitope, B-cell epitope) and host-specific characteristics (e.g., MHC-II genotype).
Last but not least, the model was developed by incorporating both antigen- and host-specific characteristics, since immunogenicity ultimately depends on both the antigenic properties of the protein and the immunological environment of the host.
Despite a high risk for death in chickens and some deaths in ducks, other birds carrying the virus appeared to be unaffected, which indicates that host-specific characteristics of susceptibility might have varied among birds.
Antigen-specific characteristics, such as T- and B-epitope content and affinity, and host-specific characteristics, such as MHC-II genotype and naïve T- and B-cell numbers, are designed as potential inputs for simulation.
This showed host-specific characteristics of oligonucleotide composition and was consistent with the observation of Rabadan et al. that mononucleotide compositions in influenza A virus genes differed between strains isolated from human and avian sources.
One explanation for this discrepancy is that each virus-host combination might reflect specific characteristics; specifically a dynamic equilibrium or feedback loop during viral infection may affect sRNA levels in different model systems.
Therefore, the choice of the production host is often determined by specific characteristics of the protein that needs to be produced.
The group of zoonotic infectious diseases includes large and increasing number of bacterial, viral and parasitic infections, each with its specific characteristics, reservoir host and mode of transmission (2– 6).
However, not all patients with these three risk factors developed HUS PPVV of 64.7 %), emphasizing that other strain characteristics or host specific factors, like the patient's immunocompetence, also are important to consider when assessing a patients' risk for developing HUS.
Evidence that implant failures tend to increase in subsets of individuals [ 30] may indicate that specific characteristics of the host, such as genetic factors, can jeopardize the osseointegration process [ 31].
