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Furthermore, consistent with escape and radiate coevolution, the host shift and subsequent radiation lagged after diversification in the Brassicales, and the Pierinae are significantly more diverse than their closest relatives.
Two of our examples, Corn leafhopper and Western corn rootworm, illustrate how following a host shift to a domesticated host, emergent pests 'hopped' onto crops and rode expansion waves to spread far beyond the geographic ranges of their wild hosts.
One possible scenario where the above mentioned models might apply is when a host shift occurs in phytophagous insects [12]-[14] [12]-[14]
Characterization of viruses from indigenous plants is especially interesting since this is a largely unexplored reservoir of genetic diversity that may contribute to emergence of novel begomovirus strains by host shift or recombination [38], [48].
Therefore, it is not simply that P. terlooii has made a host plant family shift, it is that P. terlooi is the only species to have made any host shift across the three genera.
During this process, favorable changes of nucleotides/amino acids may have been quickly selected and accumulated to facilitate the host shift, as reflected by the greater dN than dS substitutions between S. paratyphi C and S. choleraesuis.
As background mentioned, co-pollinators may occur as a result of host shift or speciation.
A relatively recent host shift has been described in Microbotryum violaceum s.l.l
Thus, it is unlikely that Obp83ef was involved in the host shift of D. sechellia.
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The great global burden of fungal infections in animals is specially observed as a result of a pathogen-host shift or a recent introduction of a pathogen in a susceptible host population [ 2– 4].
A number of conditions need to be met for speciation via host-shift to occur, such as evolution of assortative mating and selection against hybrids, but if these are fulfilled, speciation can be rapid.
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