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Besides affecting host search cues, plant quality is also known to affect herbivore immunocompetence and switching to an alternate plant may affect resistance to parasitoid attack.
There are cases where a parasitoid species has geographic variability in the type of cues used during host search [ 74], but this area of research is poorly exploited.
This finding strengthens the hypothesis that the parasitoid in host search uses cues of the host rather than more general cues of both host and plant.
As a consequence, generalist parasitoid species may have to use more general cues for host finding and this may, in turn, result in less efficient host search cf. [ 39].
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Experimental analyses of conditioned responses explored individual learning, physiological changes and genetic variability as adaptive mechanisms of the host searching behavior.
Bark beetles face challenges and trade-offs during host selection, imposed by lethal tree defences, lower nutrition and higher competition in less well-defended trees, scarcity and ephemeral distribution of susceptible hosts, limitation of suitable hosts to one beetle generation, and relatively short lifespan and vulnerability of adults during host searching.
Again, host searches for a closest friend of the target host among its current neighbors.
Once details of this behavior are known, it might be prudent to allow for two separate variables in denoting ovipositional searching and host searching.
In native forests, however, S. macrophylla is less vulnerable to H. grandella attacks than in plantation settings, probably due to higher densities of predatory and parasitoid wasps, lower conspecific stem densities, greater shading, and more foliage interference with host searches [18], [21], [42], [43], [50].
suitable host searching, locating, landing, proper feeding site selection, proboscis punching and meal specific salivary actions/responses.
- In particular, the host searching behavior of parasitoid wasps, which lay their eggs inside insect herbivores, has been studied in great detail.
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