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But cities thrive because they host quality conversations, not because they have new buildings and convention centers.
Differences in the host quality led to differences in the development time and female reproduction.
When a female parasitoid first encounters a patch, she needs to assess host quality and decide whether to invest in those hosts or to continue searching for another patch.
In contrast, beetles from black-eyed peas should be more successful on mung beans than adzuki beans if host quality is most important, as both mung beans and black-eyed peas are higher quality hosts than adzuki beans.
Cool storage of host eggs slows down embryo development in P. charybdis (eggs hatch after 4 7 days at ambient temperature, Murphy 1998) and maintains host quality for parasitism (Murray 2010).
Algorithmically organized mega platforms like YouTube may host quality content but are expert at incentivizing the creation and consumption of clickbait — thanks to ad-targeting business models that are fed by recommendation systems which monitor user inputs and actions to identify the most clickable and thus most addictive stuff to keep feeding them.
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Complaints exclusively for financial issues (e.g., hospitalisation fees), accommodation, hosting quality, and organisational matters, were excluded from the sample by the staff of the Department of Patient's Rights.
Although all these negative impacts on parasitoids could be indirect (i.e. mediated by poor host-quality) [4], the direct effects (toxicity) of Bt could not be ruled out.
Similarly, Vojtech et al. [9] assumed that the negative impact of Bt corn on the parasitoid Cotesia marginiventris was host-quality mediated when it developed inside susceptible Spodoptera littoralis larvae that had fed on transgenic Bt corn.
Unlike predators, which are often generalists and feed on several different prey species, parasitoids usually complete their development on a single host individual and are likely to be adversely affected if their Bt susceptible hosts are treated with Bt toxin and are weakened or killed [26], a phenomenon usually referred to as host-quality mediated effects.
In order to eliminate host-quality mediated impacts on this non-target parasitoid, we used a Cry1C-resistant P. xylostella strain as the host of D. insulare and studied the potential for acute and indirect toxicity of Cry1C to D. insulare.
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