Our bacteriologic results (absence of isolation of B. suis biovar 2 from all samples collected at the abattoir) suggest that stamping out is not necessary because B. suis biovar 2 is not likely to be transmitted between cattle because they are spillover hosts, not preferential hosts for B. suis biovar 2, and are thus not likely to sustain the infection.
These symbioses are not host specific but are to some extent host-preferential [ 1].
Iron Man 3's tweaks are enough to secure it a host of preferential perks in terms of media access – Robert Downey Jr's charm offensive ("I live a very Chinese life in America") at the Forbidden City at the beginning of the month wouldn't have been possible otherwise.
Ironically, in the context of marriage, a social status that comes with a host of preferential rights and privileges (just look to our family laws, health laws, tax laws, and our laws relating to trusts and estates, just to name a few), we have inverted and arguably perverted the establishment clause, and by extension our constitution.
Recently, the entire notion of co-divergence has been opposed in favor of preferential host switching and local host-specific adaptation [29].
Instead, they contended that preferential host switching and local host-specific adaptation during the more recent past account for the apparent similarities between the phylogenies of hantaviruses and their mammalian reservoir hosts [29].
This trade-off is visible in the disparity in evolutionary rates at within-host and between-host levels, and preferential transmission of ancestral donor viruses.
Codivergence should lead to congruence between the phylogenetic tree of hosts and pathogens/parasites, and hence, cophylogenetics approaches allow tests of hypotheses regarding pathogen/host coevolution and preferential host switching (Charleston and Robertson 2002; Cuthill and Charleston 2013).
For instance, we have shown that CML shapes host immunity by preferential elimination of high avidity PR1-CTL, which are more cytolytic against CML than low avidity PR1-CTL, and the data in Figure 6 support these previous observations [24].
Unlike previous in vitro reports, there was no identifiable preferential host cell type targeted in our 3-D intestinal models during infection by wildtype or the T3SS Salmonella mutants [39], [40], [41], [42].
However, eukaryotic cells are becoming a preferential host for new synthetic biology applications.
