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Host manipulation can have important consequences, ranging from host population dynamics to ecosystem engineering.
Because the parasite population cannot reproduce itself in such a host population, the entire host population is immune to the epidemic disease, a phenomenon termed "herd" immunity.
But Britain, experiencing annual net immigration of some half of 1% of its host population, is hardly experiencing that.
It also "strongly discourages" sexual relations even with consenting adults in the host population.
Then the infection is eradicated from the host population.
Otherwise, the worms persist in the whole host population.
Many experiments show that parasites can reasonably reduce the host population and even take the host population to complete annihilation.
The conditions for the eradication of the diseases from the host population, the extinction of the host population or the persistence of the disease in a non-extinguished host population are derived form such a study.
The change of the host population in our simulation is consistent with the observed data.
Let N ( t ) denote the number of the host population at time t.
Suppose we introduce an asexual clone into a sexual host population.
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