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Raw fish can host parasites, which die when heated.
It may itself be eaten by large birds of prey; snakes; or mammals, including humans, and can host parasites.
Crag martins may host parasites, including blood-sucking mites of the genus Dermanyssus such as D. chelidonis, and the nasal mite Ptilonyssus ptyonoprognes.
Within the fish host, parasites invade muscle and transform into metacercariae that are infectious for humans.
Using metabolic systems that are very different from those of the host, parasites can adapt to the low oxygen tension present within the host animal.
Following entry into the host, parasites invade host cells and differentiate into replicative amastigote forms (in the cytosol rather than phagolysosome as seen in Leishmania).
At the time of their first encounter with their host, parasites might modulate the immune response by actively secreting or expressing molecules with potent effects on the immune system [ 8, 18].
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In a resistant host, parasite development is halted.
The cost can be ameliorated by host parasite coevolution [4] [6].
Reduced diversity of genes required for host-parasite interaction and transmembrane transport allow hypotheses on host adaptation and specialization of a single host parasite.
In such a case, the tests on each host parasite link allow us to identify the co-speciating host-parasite pairs.
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